Social Exchange Theory by George Homans Essay - 1699 Words

Social Exchange theory was created by George Homans in 1958. Since its publication as â€Å"Social Behavior as Exchange†, several other theorists like Peter Blau, Richard Emerson, John Thibaut, and Harold Kelley have contributed to the theory. Before diving into the biggest concepts of this theory, two main properties need to be discussed. This theory is all about social exchanges, which are essentially reactions and decisions in relationships. The two properties are self-interest and interdependence. They are the two fundamental interactions between two individuals who each have something of value to the other. When an individual is looking out for their own self-interest, they are looking out for their own economic and psychological needs†¦show more content†¦Any social exchange results in some sort of dependence on one another, if it ends with a positive outcome, it will drive a positive relationship and it will drive the two to continue working together. The worth determines the decisions the individuals will make in the future. Blau mentioned, from his experience and education about microeconomics, that since the market is always changing, human interactions were similar to those done in the marketplace (DeLamater, 2006). The one big difference between social exchange and exchange with the market is that social exchange is more varied and more flexible so they have no set exchange rate or value like what would be in place in the market. While the cost and benefits can be found in almost all aspects of life, Homans and company focuses in on the human aspect of it, how it affects relationships, and how individuals decide in their relationships. When an individual uses this cost-reward system, they have a certain method to go through before they make their decision. People are bound to pick the decision which yields the largest reward. If there are multiple decisions that amount to the same costs, such as two things taking the same amount of t ime, then they will pick the decision that has the most rewards. The same type of idea applies when there are two decisions of equal reward, the person will pick what has fewer costs so that they end up with a higher worth. If the immediate outcomes are equal then the individual willShow MoreRelatedIs social exchange theory compatible with the values of the nursing profession?1285 Words   |  6 Pagesprofession. Modern social exchange theories are based on the principle of utility. Read the assumptions of social exchange theory and consider how these would affect the nurse-patient relationship, compared to how these impact the nurse within the health care environment. To what extent are all theories ethical? Is social exchange theory compatible with the values of the nursing profession? Social exchange theory  is a  social psychological  and  sociological perspective  that explains social change andRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory Application to Advance Nursing2 Essay3334 Words   |  14 PagesSocial Exchange Theory: Application to Advance Nursing Anita Thigpen Perry School of Nursing Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Social Exchange Theory: Application to Advance Nursing Both sociology and psychology try to explain why human beings do what they do, and act in the manner in which they do. Social Exchange theory attempts to explain how we interact with one another and what we get from those interactions. The purpose of this paper is to look at how Social Exchange theoryRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory And Division Of Household Labor Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesDishes or Dollars? A Review of â€Å"Social Exchange Theory and the Division of Household Labor in Same-Sex Couples† by Suzanne Taylor Sutphin The division of power and responsibility in family units has traditionally been studied with a focus on the role gender plays in that distribution (Sutphin, 2010). Structural functionalism, for example, traditionally suggests the male is the breadwinner and the female is the homemaker. Feminism might refute this claim and state that the inverse is acceptableRead MoreThe Theory Of The Social Exchange Theory1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe first theory I will touch on is the Social Exchange Theory (SET) presented by George Homans. The concept of the social exchange theory involves â€Å"actions contingent on the rewarding reactions of others, which over time provide for mutually and rewarding transactions and relationships† (Cropanzano Mitchell, 2005, p.890). Homan introduced this theory with the understanding that exchanges are not limited to materials but also include symbolic values (p. 890). In the social exchange theory multipleRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesQuinisha Williams Mrs. Garcia SP 200 A 6 November 2017 Social Exchange Theory The Social Exchange Theory was formally advanced in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the work of the sociologists George Homans (1961) and Peter Blau (1964) and the work of social psychologists John Thibaut and Harold Kelley (1959) (Social Exchange Theory). Social Exchange Theory would be classified as a psychological theory; which suggests that humans will make decisions in their relationships based on the recognizedRead More500 Days of Summer Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesthey soon portray the obvious characteristics of mutual attraction and of being in a relationship. This most likely can be attributed to reciprocal liking; Summer starting to like Tom more, simply because she knows Tom likes her. Social Exchange theory is the best theory for explaining the actual relationship between Tom and Summer. They both feel a great reward in spending time with each other, which causes them to spend more time together. At first the mutual cost and effort of their relationshipRead MoreInterpersonal Communication On A Daily Base983 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpersonal skill. Tough Interpersonal communication is an exchange of information between two or more people. Furthermore, the uncertainty theory comes from the sociopsychological perspective. It addresses the basic process of how we gain knowledge about other people. According to the theory people have difficulty with uncertainty, they want to be able to predict behavior and therefore they are motivated to seek more information about people. This theory is according to (Berger, C. R.; Calabrese, R. J. (1975)Read MoreThe Nature And Structure Of Criminal Behavior1707 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as societal functions, beliefs, norms, values, as well as sanctions. All these are part of a system in the society, and they play a significant role in influencing the behavior of individuals. For this reason, scholars have come up with social theories, which aim to explain why some individuals indulge themselves in deviant acts. Robert Merton and Peter Blau are among some of the sociologists who have dedicated their time and effort to developing comprehensive and informed perspectives towardsRead MoreTheories Of The Field Of Multidisciplinary Human Services : Social Exchange Theory, And Systems Theory3894 Words   |  16 PagesQUESTION 1 Identify three theories commonly applied to research in your specialization. Compare and contrast the identified theories. Synthesize your findings and evaluate which theory is best suited to your proposed (or School-approved) dissertation topic. Theories Human Services is a disciplinary geared towards meeting the needs of people from a multiple knowledge bases (What is human services?, 2013). Multidisciplinary human services is an approach to involving a variety ofRead MoreThe Social Exchange Theory : Catfish, By Ariel Schulman And Henry Joost1111 Words   |  5 Pageshuman behavior, is dubbed the Social Exchange Theory. In the documentary Catfish, directed by Ariel Schulman and Henry Joost, Nev Schulman and â€Å"Meghan†, who Angela pretends to be, continue to grow their relationship until the cost of the dyad becomes too much for Nev to simply enjoy. This causes Nev to reconsider what this relationship means to him, before making a decision on whether it’s worth keeping or not in several different contexts. While the Social Exchange Theory sounds like a basic concept

CASE STUDY STARBUCKS MISSION - 2586 Words

Starbucks’ Mission: Social Responsibility and Brand Strength I. Statement of the Problem In today’s business world, stakeholders have become adept at holding companies to account for the social consequences of their activities and rank based on the performance of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Many companies have implemented CSR initiatives, yet these efforts have not been nearly a success for two reasons. First, they pit business against society, when clearly the two are interdependent. Second, they pressure companies to think of CSR in generic ways instead of in the way most appropriate to each firm’s strategy (Porter 2006). Starbucks experienced increasing pressure from its stakeholders to act as a good†¦show more content†¦This is in response to growing concern that it will pay a premium for beans grown on environmentally and socially responsible farms which the Company hopes will create positive changes within the global coffee market and eventually result in a fully sustainable coffee production supply chain. Since then, Star bucks has expanded its CSR partnership with various nonprofit organizations around the globe, as well as it has founded its own Starbucks Foundation. Starbucks coffee purchases are Fair Trade Certified that covers 5% of its total coffee purchases. Starbucks joined with Bono’s Product RED in an effort tot raise money for HIV and Aids research, and the African Wildlife Foundation and Business for Social Responsibility. The number one guiding principle in Starbucks’ mission statement was to â€Å"provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity† and Starbucks has perennial put emphasis on this principles and it became the foundation of its organization’s culture. This is evident throughout its corporate website where the company’s CSR activities are integrated into the entire website. Starbucks executives believe that the experience customers have in their stores should be the same in any country. During the 2008-2009 global recession, Starbucks seeks to regroup, reviewed its strategy and refocused theShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Starbucks Company s Mission, Vision, And Primary Stakeholders2267 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In this paper, I will talk about Starbucks Company. I will define the influence of the vision, and mission of the company and primary stakeholders along with their overall success. An examination will be conducted to categorize five forces of struggle and their effect on the corporation. I will carry out a SWOT analysis to determine the opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses. Founded on the SWOT analysis, a technique of opportunities and advantages will be exploited whileRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1534 Words   |  7 PagesStarbucks - 2008 Cognition gives the companies information on how consumers respond to different marketing stimuli they face for the products used. It has to do with customer’s thinking and how do they behave toward a particular product. To be more specific and also reading the book â€Å"cognition refers to the mental structures and processes involved in thinking, understanding, and interpreting stimuli and events.† (Peter amp; Olson, pg. 21) Based on my personal experience I don’t really knowRead MoreMGT330 Case Study Starbucks Structure w1237 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Case Study: Starbucks’ Structure Cynthia Duff MGT330: Management for Organizations Instructor: James Worsley October 13, 2014 Case Study: Starbucks’ Structure Starbucks Coffee, we all know the name and most love the coffee and atmosphere it brings to our daily lives. Starbucks started out like most organizations a small coffee shop in 1971 in Seattle’s historic Pike Place Market and grew. This small shop started out as a single owner who the employees answered to which is known as departmentalizationRead MoreStarbucks, An American Coffee Company1439 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks, an American coffee company which was established in the year 1971. At that time it has only one store in Seattle’s Historic Pike Place Market, Washington. It covered a long journey from that single store to hundreds and thousands of stores in different countries. It has 9 stores in Seattle till 1987. The professional management and strategies used by Howard Schultz made the company globally successful. The result of his efforts lead to the expansion of stores from 400 in US to 4700 inRead MoreStarbucks: Going Global Fast1735 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Starbucks - Going Global Fast.† I. Saturation of Home market and existence of Foreign Untapped markets Starbucks is a well respected brand of coffee that is known globally. As they dominate the market in United States, they have realized the potential growth in overseas markets and open its doors to going global. However, competing internationally is not easy for every company that’s why Starbucks has encountered certain challenges and issues as it enters foreign markets and grows globallyRead MoreStarbucks Case Study 31195 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks case study 3 Q1. What type of departmentalization are being used? Explain your choices. Ans. Types of departmentalization being used are : a. Retail Expert b. Administrative c. Manufacturing d. Sales amp; Marketing Q2. Do you think it’s a good idea to have a president for the US division and for the international divisions? What are the advantages of such an arrangement? Disadvantages? Ans. Yes, it will be good idea to have a president for US division and internationalRead MoreEssay on The Ethical Foundations of Starbucks and Humana1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethical Foundations of Starbucks and Humana Executive Summary This paper examines the ethical foundations of two companies operating in very different markets. Starbucks’ is a chain of coffeehouses specializing in gourmet coffee lines. Starbucks is based on sound ethical principals permeated through the central core of its business operations. The result of several probes leads to a conclusion that Starbucks does business in a profitable and morally sound manner. Humana Inc. isRead MoreStarbucks Swot Analysys1228 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks Case Study Starbucks has been a household name for over 20 years. It is the largest coffee house in the world with over 17,000 stores in 50 countries (Wikipedia Website, 2011). How can a giant like Starbucks stay on top of the coffee market yet retain its personal small coffee house feel? Starbucks continuous strive and strategic management plans have proven beneficial in keeping to the goals of the organization. Strategic Management-Setting the Mission and Goals The firstRead MoreTeamwork Report862 Words   |  4 PagesReport on Ensure Team Effectiveness Starbucks Corporation: Case Study in Teamwork Name: Jessie (Luyan) Wang âž ¢ Introduction This report is a case study of Starbucks’ teamwork practices. In the first stage, the overview background of Starbucks will be introduced. Secondly, the viewpoints of Starbucks and the strategies, which are used by the company to make their teamwork performance well, are going to discuss. Next, the effectiveness of Starbucks teamwork strategy will be point outRead MoreStarbucks Case Analysis : Starbucks1580 Words   |  7 Pages7/25/15 Starbucks Case Study I chose to do a case analysis on Starbucks because I am a huge fan, as a college student I am addicted to caffeine and Starbucks is how I get my caffeine fix! I am a gold card member with Starbucks meaning, I drink so much of their coffee they rewarded me as a valuable customer. Some perks include a free food or beverage after twelve purchases, a free food or beverage on my birthday, as well as discount coupons and exclusive member deals. The first Starbucks location

How to Write a Movie Review Free Essays

How to Write a Movie Review Writing a movie review is a great way of expressing your opinion of a movie. The purpose of most movie reviews is to help the reader in determining whether they want to watch, rent or buy the movie. The review should give enough details about the movie that the reader can make an informed decision, without giving anyway any essentials such as the plot or any surprises. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Movie Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Below are our guidelines and tips for writing a good movie review. 1. Watch the movie The first step in writing the review is to watch the movie. Watch the movie in a relaxed environment you are familiar with. You do not want to be distracted by an unfamiliar room. Watching the movie a second time will help you to absorb a lot more detail about the movie. Most movie reviewers take notes as they watch the movie. 2. Give your opinion Most movie reviewers will give their opinion of the movie. This is important as the reviewer can express the elements of the movie they enjoyed or  disliked. However, as in all good journalism, the reviewer should also give impartial details, and allow the reader to make their own mind over an issue the reader liked or disliked. Opinions should be explained to allow the reader to determine whether they would agree with your opinion . Many regular movie reviewers will  develop a following. If one can find a reviewer who shares a similar taste in films, one can confidently follow the reviewers recommendations. 3. Who is your audience? You need to consider who your likely readers are. Writing a movie review for children requires a different approach than if writing for a movie club. Ensure you report on the factors that matter to your likely audience. 4. Give an outline Give the outline of the movie, but don’t give away essential details such as the end or any surprises. If there is a big surprise you want to entice readers by telling them something special happens, just don’t say what. 5. Actors If the movie contains actors, as most do, detail who is starring in the movie and how well you think they acted. 6. Structure Did the movie follow a regular predictable story line, or did it  get you  thinking like a Quentin Tarantino movie? 7. Cinematography and lighting Give details about how well the movie was shot and directed. Was the lighting good in the moody scenes? 8. Music Did the movie have its own score like Koyaanisqatsi or ET, or did it feature songs from popular artists? 9. Read, read and read Read and check your review thoroughly. It can be embarrassing to find errors in your work after it has been published. This is especially important for reviews that will be published on the Internet, as search engines are always looking for the correct spellings of keywords. wikiHow https://login. yahoo. com/config/mail? . src=ym. intl=au How to cite How to Write a Movie Review, Essay examples

Mockup Teacher Application for Teaching- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMockup Teacher Application for Teaching. Answer: The following is discussion regarding meeting the selection criteria in specific areas in the professional role of secondary teaching in visual arts area: Religious: As I am enrolled in the job of secondary teaching to provide visual arts education ad training to students in Catholic schools within the Archdiocese of Brisbane, I take to support the values and ethos of Catholic school. I am committed to the gospel values by engaging in pastoral care of students and promoting their spiritual development. To facilitate pastoral method teaching, I interact with each student to develop their self esteem. Hence, my teaching not just focuses on academic learning, but also personal and social learning. I have encouraged them to engage in appropriate goal setting to use their strength properly and build their resilience skill. This has helped them not just to manage social cohesion in community, but also improve their over well-being (Pastoral care: A 10-step plan, 2017).Therefore, by this means of professional practice, I am maintaining the Catholic ethos of respecting the dignity of each child as a Child of God. The catholic values encourages showing compassion to people and I maintain the identity of catholoics by displaying the quality of respect, integrity, inclusiveness and justice in my professional practice (Catholic ethos., 2017). Teaching and Learning: As a secondary teacher in visual arts learning, the main competency need in my job position is to be familiar with my challenges in education and utilizing my skills in building an appropriate classroom learning environment. I do this aligning my class lessons according the curriculum policies and document. With my role in visual arts teaching, I have the responsibility to develop my students into skilled professional so that they have clear grasp of the subject and can compete for the best jobs in this field. Therefore, while delivering my class lessons in accordance with curriculum programs, I try to evauate the effectiveness of each class. This is done by assessing progress of student in relation to learning outcomes for the topic. Secondly, I engage in inclusive practice by asking students to actively take part in class discussion. This helps me to understand the issue faced by student in learning. In situations, where student has been found to faced difficulty in particular topi cs, I take proactive steps to modify my teaching practices to get the desired learning outcome. Administration: Another important professional responsibility in my job as a secondary teacher is to effectively handle and manage class lessons. I do this by planning before the start of each semester and class lessons and time for each lesson is planned beforehand. Secondly, I take care to keep flexibility in my teaching plan so as to address any challenges faced me. This helps me manage the task and improve my weakness in practice. Professional Learning: By following the core values and ethos of Catholic school as well as engaging in professional teaching practice, I have gained much professional knowledge too. In my four year of practice, I am now aware about the appropriate ways to provide pastoral care to students and preserve the values of Catholic ethos. Secondly, following the Brisbane Catholic Education Curriculum has helped me to regularly evaluate and assess my teaching practice (Catholic Education Archdiocese of Brisbane, 2017). The stress on competitive and inclusive teaching has transformed me into a experience teacher for the Catholic school. Reference Catholic Education Archdiocese of Brisbane. (2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017, from https://www.bne.catholic.edu.au/bce-employment/teaching/Documents/Teacher%20Role%20Description.pdf Catholic ethos., (2017).Catholic.tas.edu.au. Retrieved 18 May 2017, from https://catholic.tas.edu.au/our-mission/archdiocesan-ethos Pastoral care: A 10-step plan. (2017).Teacher Magazine - ACER. Retrieved 18 May 2017, from https://www.teachermagazine.com.au/article/pastoral-care-a-10-step-action-plan

The Importance Of Having An Education, A Career, And Perseverance Essay Example For Students

The Importance Of Having An Education, A Career, And Perseverance Essay Walt Disney once said, We keep moving forward, opening new doors, and doing new things, because we re curious and curiosity keeps leading us down new paths. I like this quote because it describes my present life. As a result of moving to America from my country Nepal, I have learned the importance of having an education, a career, and perseverance. I was born and grew up in Nepal. My country is developing its resources, but has much poverty. There are many more people who are uneducated especially women. These women are married at a young age like twelve to fifteen. My mother is the one who married at age fourteen just because she was not educated. She told me that at her age, girls are not allowed to go to school. Instead of school, they have to work hard in the garden and home. Only five present of girls are educated if they are from rich and royal families. We will write a custom essay on The Importance Of Having An Education, A Career, And Perseverance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Because she worked so hard and had no opportunity for an education, her sacrifice gave me the incentive to study hard and work like men. When my family decided to move in America I discover the importance of education. I was studying on tenth grade, and my life has been just simply like a student. Let me talk about my education. I was studying in government schools like in America that I don’t have to pay until I graduate from high school. My school provides all subject like I learned English, math, science, and social study, but I never speak English like here. Back in my country, I was not serious about taking my education and I never thought what my future will be, but now I realize education is most important in my life. As soon as I arrived in America I notice that I have to get a good education to help my family and myself. However, I starte. .g up mood my mother prompt me to move ahead and she give an example of several people who came from another country and became famous like Albert Einstein who was born in Garman and other more. After I heard those words from her I felt that I can do it my best I can. Because of those famous people who was coming from another country encourage me to do something and never give up in any field in my life. Now, looking back over my past as a result of moving to America from my country Nepal I felt that I will have a better education which I could not get in my country Nepal. I will work hard and do my best to work on my career and fulfill my dream that comes true. Also I commitment by myself to never giving up to do the best thing in my life. I will always continue to search for new paths.

gender issues in sri lanka essays

gender issues in sri lanka essays In general, when considering third world countries, most would say that they have some very similar characteristics. Third world countries are often thought of as places that are impoverished, have significantly high birthrates, are economically dependent on advanced countries, and have not evolved socially in regards to equal rights issues. Although many of these characteristics do apply to Sri Lanka, the latter has definitely evoked some discussion on the topic of gender issues in underdeveloped countries. Issues such as decision making in the household, educated women and their role in society, and attitudes towards women in employment will be discussed. As stated earlier, most would agree that from a distant perspective Sri Lanka would seem to be socially underdeveloped in regards to equal rights. One way that this misconception is debunked is by looking at the roles of male and female in the household. There are many variables to take into consideration when looking at roles of family members and who has the balance of power; for instance, if the wife is working or not could be considered at both ends of the scale. If she is working than her husband may feel that because she is making a financial contribution she has more of a right to make important economic decisions that may effect the family. On the other hand he may feel as though her being away from the children is a detriment to their upbringing, and in turn is placing a burden upon the family leaving the wife with few domestic decisions. Another variable that has to be considered is if the residence is with the husband's family or if it is with the wife's family. In this case one would assume that whichever house was being resided in would have the balance of the say towards family decisions. The last variable that will be considered is that of marital duration. Does a longer marriage necessarily mean that the financial and domestic decisions of the househol...

Gobal Epidemic of Childhood Obesity Research Paper

Gobal Epidemic of Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example National surveys with measured height and weight parameters have reported increases in child weight and thus obesity since 1980's. (Hedley et al., 2847-2850) Childhood obesity is a root cause of many health problems and thus leads to innumerable mental and physical health problems including metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (US department of health and human services) hypertension, sleep apnea , heart disease and orthopedic disorders. (Freedman et al., 712-718) Childhood obesity is also associated with psychological and social marginalization issues such as discrimination and low self esteem (Strauss, 105). Since 1980's many research have been conducted to investigate the root cause behind childhood obesity and the ideal role and measures to be taken by parents, school pediatricians and public policy makers. Many environmental factors are examined as potential contributors to obesity but apart from vague linkages which most of the times doesn't even require extensive resear ch and are just logical to human conscience, no specific causes of obesity are identified. A recent study examined the relationship between the effects on body mass of children and proximity of a fast food restaurant chain or some recreational center the basic findings of this research were that children living near a fast food restaurant chain or having a restaurant in the proximal 0.1 miles from their school tend to have a higher BMI. Recreational amenities if located near child's residence tend to lower child BMI such amenities include fitness areas like volleyball courts, football courts and parks. Other research by Howell Wechsler and William H. Dates conducted under the National association of state board of education examined data on obesity amongst children and the role of schools and other educational institutions in dealing with this issue. The study also identifies important strategies school can implement and bring a change. Up till now many research has also been conduc ted to explain the role pediatricians and treatment patterns to cure childhood obesity, they identified reasons and the patterns behind obesity are listed below. Availability of food Heavy dependence on prepackaged calorie dense meals due to time constraint among parents has led to rocketing trends of obesity these time saving behaviors coupled with lower prices of food products that are rich in sugar fat and salt has been identified a significant cause of this epidemic. A recent study identified that consumption of sugar and fats has increased by 64%and 67% respectively (Hedley, 2847-2850). Clear linkages are established between the declining cost of fast food and the epidemic rise in child obesity. Health policies like the requirement of a nutritional label for all fast food and processed meals can be designed to increase nutritional awareness. Rapid shifts towards a more sedentary lifestyle Weight gain or loss is clearly attributable to calorie intake and expenditure in the human body and routine activities play a vital role in calorie consumption. Urban settlements lack sidewalks and infrastructure which may prove a hindrance to short walks and recreation. Studies have documented evidence that present era's children on average spend 28 hours per week watching television and time spend on television is directly related to obesity (Gortmaker et al., 356-362). Other activities

Conflict Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Conflict Resolution - Essay Example On the other hand, if conflict lacks effective and timely management, it can prevent a nurses’ ability to ensure quality client care and escalate into violence and abuse (Pines et al., 2012). The essay discusses conflict as a hindrance management and one of the greatest challenges to quality health care provision. Conflict is an inherent component of nursing even though the professional code does not articulate for accepting abuse. Conflict can compromise professionalism among nurses if it escalates to great levels. Nurses must knowledge the variety of ways in which conflict can emanate among them and should be prepared to prevent and manage it in the workplace. Positive conflicts are instances involving contrasting viewpoints that leave the parties involved with useful lessons and wiser than they were before. The first positive aspect of conflict is provision of an outlet that strengthens an intergroup unity. In the nursing profession, working involves agglomeration with other professionals to form a group. A conflict that creates togetherness and unity to such a group to work together in order to realize a particular goal is positive conflict. Group members discuss and manage their interests for improving their wellbeing. Secondly, conflict discourages premature decision making in a team, on the other hand, amongst members of a staff giving participants an opportunity to explore concern and interests at stake. Nurse A had a misunderstanding with her colleague, nurse B; their conflict got a lasting resolution through a series of negotiations that left both the parties happy and contented. After the resolution, the two parties settled and added more energy in order to realize the agreed upon goals. The result was an increase in the general output and productivity. The other aspect of conflict is a negative one. Negative conflicts may have diverse harmful implications. Some of the adverse outcomes have far-reaching consequences on nurses’

Banking in the modern world Homework 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Banking in the modern world Homework 2 - Essay Example What is the leverage-adjusted duration gap? Total value of portfolios of Assets = Commercial Loan + Consumer Loan = $400 + $250 = $650 Fractional value of assets at = 61.5 = 0.615% Fractional value of assets B = 38.4 = 0.384% Weighted Average Duration= Duration asset A (% in portfolio) + Duration of asset B (% in portfolio) Weighted Average Duration= 3 years (. 615) + 7 years (. 384) Weighted Average Duration= 1.85 + 2.69 = 4.54 years Total value of portfolios of Liability = IG Bonds + Deposits + Non-deposit borrowing = $65 + $600 + $50= $715 Fractional value of Liability A = .091 Fractional value of Liability B = .839 Fractional value of Liability C = .070 Weighted Average Duration= Duration Liability A (% in portfolio) + Duration of Liability B (% in portfolio) + Duration Liability C (% in portfolio) Weighted Average Duration= 15 years (.091) + 1.25 years (.839) + .50 years (.070) Weighted Average Duration= 1.365 + 1.049 + .035 Weighted Average Duration= 2.4 years Leverage-adjusted duration gap is a formula that measures the overall interest rate of bank and it tells positive or negative changes in the overall interest rate of a banking company. B. What is going to happen to the Bank’s net worth if interest rates will increase or decrease by 1 per cent from the current 5 percent? Interpret the results. Each banking service provider has to face the interest rate risk in its business and if the market rate increases or decrease, it affects the value of cash of banks. Suppose market rate increases with 1 %, then the demand and value of cash will not be affected and it will remain un-changed. But the value of the loan will effect and it will decrease. In this case, the market value of equity of that bank will increase and thus investors will get another opportunity to invest. C. How the Bank can reduce its exposure to interest rate risk? Show this with a numerical example. Each bank has an option to alter its interest rate exposure by making some changes a nd restricting its investment plans, borrowings and other pricing strategies and this can be done with the help of managing maturity times of its current portfolio. Question No. 2. What kind of futures or options hedges would be called for in the following situations? a. Market interest rates are expected to increase and your financial firm’s asset-liability managers expect to liquidate a portion of their bond portfolio to meet customers’ demands for funds in the upcoming quarter. Usually Financial firms expect a lower price for selling their bond portfolio in the market but they don’t expect it if the portfolio consists on short future hedge securities. After selling them on lower prices, they use to repurchase them at a profit giving rate. A similar profit can be made by the bank with the help of Put options for government and financial futures contracts. b. Your financial firm has interest-sensitive assets of $79 million and interest-sensitive liabilities of $88 million over the next 30 days and market interest rates are expected to rise. Financial firm has increased its interest-sensitive assets by $9 million that means this firm is a growing yo bear looser if the interest rate in the market increases. This firm need to hedge its risk it's going to bear on increased $9 million and for this, it should sell financial futures contracts or use a put option on government securities or financial futures contracts. c. A survey of Tuskee Bank’

Schizophrenia Diagnosis and Treatment in the Family Unit

Schizophrenia Diagnosis and Treatment in the Family Unit Schizophrenia is a long term disorder with active symptoms for at least one month, including but not limited to delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or bizarre behavior, and/or a lack of organized speech, activity, or emotions as defined by the American Psychiatry Association(Delesi). This disorder can then be further broken down into subcategories. These subcategories include catatonic, disorganized, borderline and paranoia. Out of the four, paranoid schizophrenia a form of schizophrenia characterized by delusions of persecution, grandeur or jealousy (Mosbys Medical Dictionary). Acute schizophrenia can be fully understood if the adjective acute is examined. The disorder begins from early adulthood and continues until the sufferer passes away. Symptoms range from severe hallucinations to euphoria. Observation of odd behaviors should be reported by peers and family as early diagnosis can aid in the prevention of negative symptoms. Although there is no c ure, drugs and therapy are available to those with the disorder and can help ease the problem. Signs and symptom: The symptomatology is quite extensive and involves multiple types or classifications. The classification can be further broken down into two subcategories. The positive symptoms include the excess of or distortions of normal functions such as thoughts, emotions or behaviors (Lieberman, Stroup, Perkins, 195). Antipsychotic medications are usually constituted for the target of positive symptoms. Part of the positive symptoms includes delusions and hallucinations that contain subcategories. Delusions are incorrect ideas that can be perceived as truth or taken as actuality. These symptoms can especially be unique to paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoid delusions usually are mild and are based on one or two things. These delusions are triggered by real events in the individuals life and becomes elaborately embedded into their system. They are frequently chronic and capable of having duration of six months or more. Although it is presumed that hostility and violence are the characteristic of t he persons functionality, this might not be the case. Another case of delusions make the individual covetous of the people around them, especially his or her spouse. Inclined by the thoughts of a cheating or disloyal partner, they make attempts to find evidence that supports the delusional notion. In some cases this can lead to confrontations where which the significant other is wrongly accused. Further discussion will continue in the following paragraph under family standpoint. In addition to delusions, hallucinations also accompany positive symptoms. Hallucination, a sensory perception in the absence of any externally generated stimulus or perception(). Types of hallucinations involve auditory, olfactory and visual sensitivity of the human body and brain. Typically false perceptions and untrue intuition are a result of this. It can deemed as a bizarre behavior by another bystander. A diagnosis of schizophrenia is a highly stigmatised condition, and the media portray such people as dangerous, violent and unpredictable (Leudar, I. Thomas, P.). However, this is due to media representations of a schizophrenic and their actions. Generally, the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia includes the association of anxiety, anger, aloofness and argumentativeness. Another kind of symptomatology is the negative symptoms which includes frequent and persistent characteristic of schizophrenia. They can emerge as early as during the prodromal stage of the disorder, long before the presentation of the first psychotic episode. As of recent, the negative symptomatology has been broken down into two subtypes: primary and secondary negative symptoms. Primary negative symptoms are deficit symptom, which may precede psychosis on set and usually persist between the episodes. Also the symptom of lack of pleasure, poverty of speech and reduce social activity. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Fourth Edition Text Revision diagnostic criteria for paranoid schizophre nia states a preoccupation with one or more paranoid delusion, which may be systemize or frequent auditory hallucinations along with no prominent symptoms of disorganized speech or behavior, or flat inappropriate affect. Based on the countless amount of sources, it is safe to say that someone with schizophrenia is quite noticeable. So, is there a possibility of the disorder being transmissive to the ones offspring? The goes into detail on the topic ( Lieberman, Stroup, Perkins, 195). Causes: The causes of schizophrenia are still unbeknownst to psychologists and psychiatrists respectively. But certain research suggests the disorder is hereditary. One research in particular studies a genotypes in monozygotic embryos and came across a gene that contains the genetic defect for schizophrenia (Slatkin). The data shows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, and multiple sclerosis that are relatively common (0.1-2% prevalence) and that have high similar rates for monozygotic twins (30-50%) and high risks to first-degree relatives of affected individuals. Although this information does not prove much about the specific nature of transmission of schizophrenia, it does point out that there is a gene for schizophrenia and the percent chance of the offspring getting it. In this case, it is more prevalent in monozygotic twins and first-degree relatives than any other individuals. Another source shows how relatives play a role in the transmission of th e disorder. As the chart shows, the more closely related individuals are the higher chance of the offspring acquiring schizophrenia. But keep in mind the risk of the actual coding in the gene being schizophrenia is still a new subject. Moreover, there are no clear statistics to dictate whether acquisition of the disorder is definite. Family Stand Point: Schizophrenia can be a burden for family members of the sufferer. This is because numerous amount of care is needed for the patient to ensure their safety. Research has shown higher amount of stress for the parents, most especially the mothers of low-income families (Gutià ©rrez-Maldonado, Caqueo-Urà ­zar, Kavanagh). The intensive amount of care needed for schizophrenics is probably a result of this. In another study, 31 families were assess continuously during a period that contained no further relapse episodes for burden and attitude. Out of the 31 families, 14 of them engaged in an educative intervention program of the psychology called Behavioral Family Therapy (BFT). The remaining 17 families, deemed as the contrast group, received conventional family support. The result showed that the family burden was significantly lower for the first 14 families than the contrast group. The same result states the self-assessed attitude towards continuing to care for the individual was mor e positive for the families who took the BFT program in association with the contrast family. This implies certain crucial information is thought to the family in the BFT classes that the contrast group lacks thereof. A wide array of information such as how to deal and cope with the individual during episodes and what to say to them are beneficial to the caretaker of the family. (Berglund Vahlne). Treatment: There are multiple ways for the disorder to be treated. Although schizophrenia is a long term disorder that still has no cure, treatment to ease the psychological pain is available. The most widely used treatment for schizophrenia are antipsychotic medications. These medications consist of neuroleptics and include phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, diphenylbutylpiperidines, benzamides, benzisoxazoles and dibenzepines. However, the most effectiveness of theses drugs are seen in the acute phase of schizophrenia and the prevention of relapses. Nevertheless, the drugs get the job done, keeping the patient in a somewhat stable character(Mà ¶ller). Drugs, moreover, are not the only option for schizophrenics. Milieu therapy, another choice for treatment, seeks to counter schizophrenic patients tendencies to withdraw; it also fosters socialization, promotes responsibility, and provides retraining in interpersonal relationships. This is usually done after the soothing effects of shock therapies. The therapy includes a gamut of measures ranging from discarding restraints; minimizing isolation; giving attentive care and interest; fostering socializing, educational, and occupational activities; and providing group therapy to holding patient-staff meetings and setting up patient government to provide channels of communication and to encourage responsibility for the self and others.(Ed. David L. Sills.) Conclusion: All in all schizophrenia is a disorder that affects the social aspect of the individual suffering from it and accounts for 1% of the world population (Tybura, Grzywacz, Konopka, Samochowiec). From hallucinations to falsely accusing people around them, paranoid schizophrenics have the short end of the stick when it comes to most psychosis. The chronic character of the illness and the damage it causes in patients cognitive skills, emotions and social functioning provide a driving force for research on the causes of the disease to predict its course and establish possibly effective treatment with few side effects. (Tybura, Grzywacz, Konopka, Samochowiec).

Exploring Police Officers Use of Discretion Essay -- Criminal Justic

Discretion is used by officers throughout the country; it gives them the choice to carry out law word by word, based on the input of the situation and surrounding circumstances around the officer it also gives them the choice to disobey the written law which usually ends up in tragic instances. This is why discretion is such a hot topic in the United States and throughout the world. One side argues that police officers are ill trained to properly carry out split second decisions. The other side of the argument claims that discretion saves countless lives of many civilians and police officers. The abuse of power by the police is well documented. From Timothy Thomas, Roger Owensby from Cincinnati, Ohio or Sean Bell and Amadou Diallo in New York, many believe this was a direct cause of the officer’s personal belief about race which can’t be brushed aside so easily. If we all look at the criminal justice system we can tell from the cases and documents that the majority of men that are injured killed or imprisoned by the law are black males. Discrimination isn’t new to police officers around the country, in 1976 the city of Chicago was found to have discriminated against black, Hispanic and female police officers in hiring and in promotions to sergeant in its police departments. This level of dislike is common throughout America, so they say; it runs deep within a police station, against co workers. Many propose that new and harsher punishments should exist in law enforcement but I believe in order to drastically reduce these occurrences from happening would be to enroll these officers in classes that would get them comfortable with races and beliefs other than their own. This is a huge factor in every major case; a maj... ...eyes of a criminal. It would also give the failed assumption that killing an officer or threatening their lives wouldn’t have repercussions’ on the scene. In reality, this argument can last for many years due to what the law covers or doesn’t in regard to what an officer experiences in the field. There may be instances where the law may be clear. Laws are written in ways that could expand for future issues. Police encounter many people and behaviors, some of which would be completely new to an officer, where no laws have not been thought out. But on the other hand police have been known to do well with their discretion by choosing another option besides an arrest. We all should keep in mind the stresses that they deal with on a day to day basis and can cause an officer to become paranoid there for leading to instances where they use excessive force.

Catchment Area Analysis for 24 Hour Fitness in Cochin

CATCHMENT AREA ANALYSIS FOR 24 HOUR FITNESS IN COCHIN, KERALA SYNOPSIS OF CATCHMENT AREA STUDY SL NOTABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE NO 1Catchment area PTA, STA, TTA2 2Vytila and vicinity7 3Property demand12 4Infrastructural growth12 5Findings14 6Strategy for 24 hour fitness14 7Reference15 CATCHMENT AREA PRIMARY TRADE AREA LOCATIONDRIVING DISTANCE Elamkulam2 mins Vytilla2mins TERTIARY TRADE AREA LOCATIONDRIVING DISTANCE Gigi Nagar15 mins Panapilly Nagar16 mins SECONDARY TRADE AREA LOCATIONDRIVING DISTANCE KSRTC BUS STAND7 mins Kadavanthara8 mins 24 Hour Fitness is an international fitness brand.The trade area is divided as primary, secondary and teritiary on the basis of time taken by drive to reach the destination. 1-5 mins drive is considered for primary, 6-10 mins for secondary and 11-15 mins for teritiary trade area. This is based on the fact that, time required to reach a fitness centre is highly deterministic. TRADE AREA ANALYSIS: PTA – PRIMARY TRADE AREA STA – SECONDARY TRA DE AREA TTA – TARTIARY TRADE AREA Primary Catchment The Primary Catchment is within 0-5 minutes’ drive to 24 Hour Fitness. The areas are: †¢Vyttila †¢ElamkulamTherefore the primary catchment of 24 Hour Fitness is strategically situated amidst the densely populated Vyttila and Elamkulam areas. Secondary Catchment The Secondary Catchment is within 5-10 minutes’ drive. The areas are: †¢Kadavanthra †¢Ponnurunni Therefore the secondary catchment of 24 Hour Fitness is the densely populated Kadavanthara which is a residential area. Tertiary Catchment The Tertiary Catchment is within 10-20 minutes of drive time. The areas are: †¢Giri Nagar †¢Panampilly Nagar †¢Chalikkavattom Therefore the tertiary catchment of 24 Hour Fitness is the thickly populatedGiri Nagar, Panampilly Nagar and Chalikkavattom which is a core residential area. The primary, secondary and teritiary trade areas cover the important and potential residential areas of Coc hin. The target consumers of 24 hour fitness can easily access the brand with this location. Road Ways The Sahodaran Ayyapan road from west to Vytila is common for all the target consumers from Kadavanthara, Panampally, Kaloor. This is the primary roadway for 24 Hour fitness. This location completely restricts the flow of customers to the Gold Gym Vytila, which is a competition. The Edapally Vytila road brings in customers from north.These are the primary roadways which is sccesible for the target customers. It is giving a direct competition to Gold Gym, Vytila, which is comparatively low priced and infrastructuraly poor compared to 24 Hour Fitness. Vytila and vicinity Vyttila is an intersection as well as the name of a region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is one of the largest as well as the busiest intersections in Kerala. This node intersects the main north-south artery of the state of Kerala, namely, the National Highway 47, with three city roads of Koc hi viz, the S. A.Road (east-west), the Vyttila-Petta Road, and the Thammanam Road. Vyttila hosts the Kochi Mobility Hub, which converges different ways of surface transport (namely, local as well as long distance buses, rail, Metro Railand inland water transport) to the city onto a single node. Institutions Vyttila is home to hospitals like the Welcare Hospital and the Mother & Child Hospital. The State Bank of India, State Bank of Travancore, Punjab National Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank,Bank of Baroda, Federal Bank, South Indian Bank all have branches in this area. Toc H Public School, St. Rita's H.S Ponnurunni, C. K. C. L. P. S are schools located in Vyttila. There are several supermarkets (prominent among them include V-Mart and the Margin Free Market chain of mini-super markets) in this area in addition to several mom & pop stores and pharmacies. Eateries like K. R Bakes, Aryaas, Best Bakers, delight Bakers and traditional ‘Thattukadas' are also decent hangouts for people across age groups in the junction. Schools Vyttila hosts the following schools ?Toc H Public School ?C. K. C Girls High School, Ponnurunni ?St. Rita's Boy's High School, Ponnurunni Hospitals ?Welcare Hospital Mother & Child Hospital ?Ranjini Eye Hospital Shopping and entertainment The Kundannoor-Edapally streatch of the National Highway 47 passing through Vyttila, is home for the largest malls in the state of Kerala. The Largest shopping mall in the state – Gold Souk is located in Vyttila on NH Bypass. The mall has 4 Screen Multiplex Cinemas, Spacious Hypermarkets, Food courts, Restaurants and branded retail outlets. There are several supermarkets (prominent among them include V-Mart and the Margin Free Market chain of mini-super markets) in this area in addition to several mom & pop stores and pharmacies.Eateries like K. R Bakes, Aryaas, Best Bakers, delight Bakers and traditional ‘Thattukadas' are also decent hangouts for people across age groups in the junctio n. The Oberon Mall, one of biggest malls in Kochi with its cinemax theatres, is also situated along the way from Vyttila to Edappally. Real Estate, Builders and Apartments: †¢Confident Group †¢Mather Group †¢Good Day properties †¢Mansions †¢Good earth †¢Aurora †¢Siddhi †¢Dubex River garden †¢Real India †¢VKL group †¢Sri Ram Krishna Builders †¢Skyline Orion Villa †¢Santhi Shreyas †¢Jewel Homes †¢Water Lilly Premium apartments Financial Institutions Axis Bank †¢Icici Bank †¢Bank of Baroda †¢South Indian Bank †¢State Bank of India †¢Thammanam Service Co-operative Bank Restaurants †¢Pizza Hut †¢Hotel Aryas †¢Smoke House †¢Muruga Hotel †¢Qualis Hotel †¢Hotel Anugraha †¢Albarad Restaurant †¢Nyle Plaza †¢Janahridayam †¢Hotel Mermaid Property Demand The proposed site is between the Vytila Junction and Elamkulam Bridge. The property cost at thi s site averages to 10-12 lakhs per cent. This is one of the most demanded properties in Cochin. This is because of the high residential potential and the emergence of Vytila as the second business centre of Cochin.There has been a drastic increase in the land prices at Vytila over years due to this factor. Infrastructural Growth With the advent of the Vytila mobility hub Vytila is also expecting a major infrastructural change. The Cochin metro is proposed to be passing through Vytila. Recent talks between policy makers indicate that the metro may have a metro stop at Vytila. With operations of Cochin Metro service more people will have direct access to the GYM, within minutes, thus increasing the trade area of the fitness centre. This aspect is also considered while selecting the current location. FINDINGSThe proposed site for 24 Hour Fitness in Cochin has advantages as well as disadvantages. Though the property costs are high, the site attracts the major target customers if located at the proposed site. The site between Elamkulam Bridge and Vytila Junction covers major residential areas covering middle and high class men and women at Vytila, Kaloor, Panampally Nagar, Kadavanthara etc. The site is centre to many apartments where target customers live in. The site directly gives competition to Gold Gym blocking their accessibility through the west road entering Vytila. There have been huge developments in infrastructure.The Cochin metro can bring in customers from far city within minutes to the site as the metro passes directly over the place. Strategy for 24 Hour Fitness The International Fitness brand can definitely enter the Cochin market with their fitness message. There has been an increase in the fitness concerns with the people in Cochin. The proximity to the fitness centre is a major concern for all the members of the brand. Taking this factor into account and to attract maximum number of target customers, 24 Hour Fitness can adopt following strategies. †¢High accessibility †¢Good parking facilities †¢Loyalty schemes Separate training hours for non-working women †¢Separate Training hours for working men and women There cannot be any spill over effect for 24 hour fitness with this site. This is because the place is void of any corporate offices from where employees may prefer to go to the fitness centre prior work. This move is based on the fact that this spill over will not account for a high attraction of customers. 24 Hour Fitness can even facilitate transport facilities to achieve high attraction. Sources and Reference †¢Goole Maps †¢ICICI PROPERTY REPORT †¢NEWSPAPER ARTICLE – TIMES PROPERTY †¢24 HOUR FITNESS OFFICIAL WEBSITE

Free Essays on Revolutionary Generation

The argument that the founders of the Constitution represented radical revolutionaries who transformed American political culture from its British Colonial origins, is evident when comparing British Colonial government before the revolution, to today’s Constitution. The reason the American government was created was because American freedom could never be secure under the British crown, so the time had come to correct the â€Å"errors† in Britain’s constitution and to found new governments free of kings and hereditary rule, governments in which all officials owed their power to popular choice. Firstly, immediately following the Declaration of Independence, the first governments formed were state governments. Connecticut and Rhode Island were the only states that kept the same framework, all the other states created brand new Constitutions. What emerged from the state constitutions is the foundation for the United States Government. The Executive Branch changed tremendously, which had a lot to do with how the colonists perceived their colonial government. For the state governments, most of the Americans drafting the constitution were under the impression that the colonial government had too much power, so the state representatives took their power away and gave little power to the governor. The governor could no longer call the state legislature to meet and could no longer appoint officials. Pennsylvania even replaced the governor with a council of twelve that was popularly elected. In the Legislative Branch, except for Pennsylvania and Georgia, all states had a Bicameral Legislature. Most representatives in the lower house were restricted to one term. Those elected to the upper house usually had longer terms. The first thing the representatives did was re apportion the states so that the Western lands would be under the colonial government and the power of the Government rested on the Eastern portions of the colonial seat. T... Free Essays on Revolutionary Generation Free Essays on Revolutionary Generation The argument that the founders of the Constitution represented radical revolutionaries who transformed American political culture from its British Colonial origins, is evident when comparing British Colonial government before the revolution, to today’s Constitution. The reason the American government was created was because American freedom could never be secure under the British crown, so the time had come to correct the â€Å"errors† in Britain’s constitution and to found new governments free of kings and hereditary rule, governments in which all officials owed their power to popular choice. Firstly, immediately following the Declaration of Independence, the first governments formed were state governments. Connecticut and Rhode Island were the only states that kept the same framework, all the other states created brand new Constitutions. What emerged from the state constitutions is the foundation for the United States Government. The Executive Branch changed tremendously, which had a lot to do with how the colonists perceived their colonial government. For the state governments, most of the Americans drafting the constitution were under the impression that the colonial government had too much power, so the state representatives took their power away and gave little power to the governor. The governor could no longer call the state legislature to meet and could no longer appoint officials. Pennsylvania even replaced the governor with a council of twelve that was popularly elected. In the Legislative Branch, except for Pennsylvania and Georgia, all states had a Bicameral Legislature. Most representatives in the lower house were restricted to one term. Those elected to the upper house usually had longer terms. The first thing the representatives did was re apportion the states so that the Western lands would be under the colonial government and the power of the Government rested on the Eastern portions of the colonial seat. T...

Questions to Ask When Writing an Essay. EssaySupply.com

Questions to Ask When Writing an Essay Questions to Ask When Writing an Essay Most teachers do not make use of a very important aspect of writing essays and papers. And that aspect is that the student should ask him/herself questions as a pre-writing preparation. Asking these questions will ultimately result in a better piece of writing. So, here are questions you should ask yourself as you get ready to write any essay or paper. Topic You may have a general topic area but within that topic area, you will need to select a smaller sub-topic for your essay or paper. Here is what you need to ask yourself: What sub-topic will interest me the most? Check through your text and lecture notes for topic ideas, and pick one in which you have good interest. Writing an essay or paper on a topic you don’t like is like getting a root canal – painful, very painful! Is there enough information on the topic to fulfill the length requirement? If you need an 8-page paper on the Civil War, the Battle of Antietam will probably not cut it. Before you finalize your topic, check out what’s available for resource information. Thesis Statement Every essay or paper has to have a thesis statement. So, here is what you need to ask as you formulate that statement: Why is it important for the reader to know this? What is the main point I am trying to make? What is my opinion about this topics? Resources There may be a large number of potential resources to use, but they are not all created equal. By the time you are in college, you can dump the idea of using encyclopedias of any kind. They are not appropriate for the type of research expected of you. So, here are your questions? Is the author of this book or journal article considered an expert on this topic? Can I find and use primary resources on this topic? If I have to use only secondary resources, are these the most current and relevant? Choose your resources wisely – your professor will expect them to be of high quality. Organizing Your Information Before you make an outline for writing, ask yourself the following: Should the information or data be organized sequentially? In what order should the points I make be given? Most important to least important, or the other way around? After the Rough Draft is Finished You know you are not going to turn in the first draft of whatever you write. You have to review it and fix your errors – structural and grammatical. So, as you read through that draft, ask yourself the following: Do I have a logical flow of the points I am making? Do I have good transitional sentences between paragraphs and, for longer works, sections? Have I varied the length of my sentences? Does my introduction begin with something that will capture the reader’s attention right away? Have I stated my thesis in the introduction and made it very clear? Have I used spell and grammar checkers to catch errors? Asking the right questions gets you to a â€Å"better place† in your writing and, ultimately a better grade. If you have any concerns about your topic, resources, or the quality of your writing, send it over to some good  custom writing services like for a full review and edit. It will be returned to you polished and ready to go!

Air Pollution in Los Angeles, CA Research Paper

Air Pollution in Los Angeles, CA - Research Paper Example Beginning back in the 1960s, the United States began drafting multiple versions of legislation designed to clean up the area. The intent of these policies was to strengthen existing legislation governing air pollution through the industrialized world, particularly in the United States and in Europe. Commonly referred to as the Clean Air Act, there were limits placed on certain groups of air pollutants, and cities were required to report particulate levels and to state what the were doing to enforce the policies set forth in the legislation. Naturally, Los Angeles is a primary target of the Clean Air Acts. This paper aims to discuss current policies being implemented in the Los Angeles area, look at the long term impacts of air pollution if current curbing measure to not work, and the effect that air pollution has on the minority communities around Los Angeles. Current Public Policies Current policies in place in America overall seem to be having a positive affect. Over the course of the past four decades, levels of carbon monoxide emissions have been reduce by nearly 100 million tons. Nitrogen oxide emission have fallen about 8 million tons, while emissions from sulfur dioxides have been reduced about in half. In general, the United States has seen particulate emissions fall by more than 80% and lead emission by more than 98% (Jerrett and Calle 731). While these figures represent a significant improvement, they do not tell the complete story. Pollution in Los Angeles still remains a serious problem. Certain areas are more polluted that young children and the elderly can handle, leading to countless health issues and even death. The government of Los Angeles County is still seeking ways to reduce pollution across communities for the benefit of all people. For decades, Los Angeles has had some of the, if not the most, polluted air in the country. Los Angeles has the most polluted ozone and the fourth most polluted year-round particulate levels (Su & Jerrett 662). Many attribute the problem to the dense population in the city and its notorious traffic congestion. As such, most legislative policies aimed at reducing air pollution have been aimed at reducing traffic related issues. This has not paid dividends, which is one of the contributing factors behind Los Angeles lagging behind other cities its size in reducing the level of toxic chemicals in the air (Linn & Szlachcic 429). The public, and indeed the government, see the problem of air pollution as being the most serious environmental issue facing the city (Kunzli & Jerrett 202). While the Environmental Protection Agency, an arm of the federal government, has proposed even stricter regulations on air pollution levels and companies that pollute, subsequent presidential administrations have been hesitant to ask out of risk of the adverse economic impact that might result. They also point out the reality that there has been a decrease in the amount of air pollutants in recent decades, yet th is is not enough in the eyes of many. Many experts in the field contend that the improvements have only taken the problem from ‘dangerously high’ to ‘dangerous’

Design your process for becoming a world-class engineering student Essay

Design your process for becoming a world-class engineering student - Essay Example Admittedly, I am not yet that confident if I will realize my goal after graduating my course because I am still having challenges with my study. I have a clear understanding of what is engineering, computer science or engineering technology. I am also aware of its achievements and opportunities. I am not sure however of its future directions because it changes so fast that it is hard to predict. The world class student in engineering and computer science does not only have a clear understanding of the subject but also have an idea of the future directions of the industry due to their engagement in the subject. At present, there are still aspects of my study that needs to be improved. First, I need to improve my grades to make it impressive when I present them as qualification to my prospective employers after graduation. I will also develop my other non-academic qualifications such as joining extra-curricular activities that will develop my other skills such as leadership. I will also improve my study habit because it will carried on to my professional life as a work habit so I have to make it ideal while I am still studying. To work on these areas of improvement, I will instill a good study habit within me to avoid cramming and get good grades. This could be done by allocating an hour or two every day to review my lectures so that I am always prepared for class. If there are school and/or research works that needs to be done, I will do it in advance so that I will have ample time to do it and produce a quality research and/or school work. I will make quality school paper by dividing portions of it in advance and then research and write portions of it until it is done ahead of time allowing me an allowance to review it and do some corrections and improvement. I believe this how world class students in engineering and computer science do their school work. They do not just study because there is an exam but are always studying to be

Mot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mot - Essay Example In order to help unmotivated students, a process called attribution retraining is employed that involves modeling, socialization and practice exercises among others. Moreover, other potentially helpful practices can be incorporated such as portraying effort as investment rather than risk, portraying skill development as incremental and domain specific and always focus of mastery. During early childhood development, children express their concern through curiosity and explore new things. However, as children grow, their psychosocial environment influences their learning behavior and learning frequency. Many children though physically present in the classroom remain absent mentally. They do not want to invest their mind and energy towards learning things. It is therefore, important for educators to first understand students’ attitudes and beliefs towards learning and then help minimize students’ lack of concern. Understanding student motivation is very important. In simple terms, it can be defined as the students’ desire to participate in a specific task. However, it is also directly associated with students’ academic achievement. Students can get motivated in two ways: intrinsically and extrinsically. In the former case, motivation comes from rewards inherent to a task. However, extrinsically motivated students perform task to avoid punishment such as grades, teacher approval, etc. However, the phrase, motivation to learn is mainly associated with academic achievement. It does not matter whether the task is intrinsically or extrinsically motivated or not. Well, there are various factors that influence student motivation including modeling, communication, instruction, socialization, etc. In addition, home environment also shapes the students’ attitudes and beliefs towards learning. Parental care, encouragement and explaining answers to numerous

Romeo and Juliet Character Sketch - Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Character Sketch Juliet Essay Juliet Capulet is one of the main characters in Romeo and Juliet, a famous play written by Shakespeare. Juliet is a beautiful, young 13 year old girl. Despite her age, she is pressured from the very beginning of the play to get married, preferably to a young nobleman named Paris who is a relative of the Prince of Verona. During the opening scenes of the play, Juliet seems to be an obedient and naà ¯ve child who always obeys her parents wishes. However, throughout the play we see Juliets sense of independence develop when she makes the outrageous decision to marry Romeo behind her parents backs, and fake her own death. She evolves into someone who is capable of making their own decisions; however her actions are also defiant and rebellious. Juliet is a 13 year old teenager, who will be 14 years old on July 31st, also known as Lammas Eve. I imagine that due to her young age and wealthy family that Juliet is a very small, dainty, well-kept and polished teenaged girl. Juliets appearance is not described in detail in the play, however in Romeos soliloquy at the beginning of Act 2, Scene 2, he describes Juliet as bright when he says It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Referring to her as the sun is a metaphor for her being bright. He gets more in depth and describes her as a fair sun in line 4. Therefore, I imagine she has pale, white skin. Romeo also says in Act 2, scene 2 The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars which proves that she has pink rosy cheeks. Romeos soliloquy in Act 2, scene 2 proves what a beautiful, bright, and fair young girl Juliet is. However, dont be fooled by her dainty appearance; Juliets actions throughout the play would paint a different, more mischievous picture of her in your mind. Juliets actions change quite drastically throughout the play. At the beginning of Romeo and Juliet, Juliet seems to be a very obedient teenager who follows her parents orders and does not stand up for what she really wants. For example, in Act 1, scene 3, Lady Capulet asks Juliet Can you like of Paris love? Juliet is quick to agree with her mother by saying: Ill look to like, if looking liking move. This proves that Juliet is naively obedient, and will do as her parents say even if what they want for  her is not what she wants. Juliet has given no thought to the idea of marriage, especially to Paris since she is only 13 years old and does not know him, yet she follows her parents orders to give him a chance. However, after Juliet meets Romeo at the ball, her obedience and loyalty to her family dwindles away. Juliet begins to disobey her family, and evolves into someone who can make their own decisions, whether they are good or bad. She falls in love with Romeo; a Montague, a member of the Capulets feuding family. She makes plans to marry him the day after she meets him without telling her parents and they spend their wedding night together in her room at the Capulet mansion. This shows that she is rebelling against her parents by marrying someone from the feuding family, and someone who is not Paris. Furthermore, Juliet makes another defiant decision towards the end of the play. When Lady Capulet tells Juliet about her wedding arrangements with Paris in Act 3, scene 5, Juliet adamantly and angrily refuses the proposal by yelling He shall not make me there a joyful bride. Shortly after Juliets argument with her mother and father about the wedding, the nurse suggests that Juliet marry Paris to please her parents. Juliet does not take the nurses advice and responds with Ill to the friar, to know his remedy; if all else fail, myself have power to die. Juliet takes matters into her own hands and is finally standing up for what she wants. She is not letting her parents or even the nurse influence her decisions anymore. All of these actions show Juliets maturity, and growing sense of independence, but also her new defiant, disobedient ways. Juliet is quite a courageous, passionate, and dramatic person. Throughout the play, Juliet deals with emotional situations quite dramatically and is quick to make drastic decisions on impulse. For example, the second Juliet lays eyes on Romeo, and in their next few encounters, she is so very passionate about how she feels about him. In Act 2, scene 2, she expresses how much she loves him, which may seem overly dramatic since she barely knows him. Juliet makes the impulsive decision to marry Romeo, without really thinking it through which shows how quick she is to make drastic decisions. Juliet makes an extremely courageous and very risky decision in Act 4, scene 3. She decides to take the poison Friar Laurence made for her which will knock her unconscious for 42 hours, despite all of her worries about it not working or  possibly killing her. She takes the poison because she is so passionate about being with Romeo that she would do anything, even fake her death in order to be free of her family and able to leave Verona to be with him. Despite Juliets young age, she is truly a brave and passionate girl who does not let anything stop her from getting what she wants. Furthermore, one of the major events of the play takes place in Act 5, scene 3 when Juliet stabs herself with a dagger after waking up to find Romeo lying dead beside her. Juliet makes the drastic decision to end her own life after finding Romeo dead. This shows her fast decision making skills, and also her passion and love for Romeo. She did not kill herself out of weakness from what she had just seen, but because she would not feel right living without the man that she loves so deeply. Killing yourself out of passion for another human being shows extreme courage and bravery which Juliet has plenty of. Although Juliet is portrayed as a naà ¯ve 13 year old girl at the beginning of the play, Shakespeare made it a very prominent part of Romeo and Juliet to show how Juliet evolves into an independent, brave and passionate young woman. She begins to rebel like most teenagers do and defies her parents, but nonetheless she did it to stand up for what she wants and believes in and I think that shows extreme courage, bravery, and independence.

Impact of Technology on Print Media

Impact of Technology on Print Media Print and electronic media plays an important role in communication effectively as the world has been globalized. The technology used for communication should not be overlooked, because the interchange of information is necessary in current era. Print and electronic media has globalized the world. The news or communication can be done easily from corner to corner just in few seconds. Technology has impacted the communication in a positive way. In the current world the communication has been distributed between print and electronic media. These two Medias are playing a vital role in communicating between individuals and the society. News, comment, information and entertainment, are the complex set of newspaper, and the arrangement of these contents differs from paper to paper. Most people choose their daily paper to match their specific tastes, and individual newspapers have developed in different ways to provide for these. Many changes have taken place over the period, in the newspapers. The newspapers are filled with advertisements and have many pages on carrying different news. Today journalism has become one of the prosperous professions (Oghakpor, 2007). The number of newspapers has risen sharply which has made the communication to its optimum level whilst profits have also boomed. Development of information and communication technology has made the work of newspaper publication easy and less laborious. Todays newspapers have lots of investigative stories/reports. This contributes to bringing in light big scandals and scams resulting into fall of a person. Which creates negative influences the society and shows that the technology is not been used for the purpose in the right way, as it has to be used for. Magazines charm to an expanding range of reading flavours and happiness. They are designed for standardized or special interest groups. Regardless of their design for special groups, they developed as a mass medium because they appeal to large numbers in a national market that cut across social, economic and educational class lines (Oghakpor, 2007). The magazines can be categorized into two different categories, General interest magazines and special interest magazines. General interest magazines attempt to cater to a wide variety of reading interests. Special interest magazines are mainly focused on one thing. For instance, The Women magazine covers all the things about the women while, Muscles magazine covers all the stuff about building the muscles of either men or women. Its most notable function; however, is correlation that is, interpreting the society by bringing together diverse facts, trends and sequences of events. According to Kipphan 2001, Magazines in essence, are the great interpreters of what is happening in society. There are several magazines in the world, which are published internationally as well, so that people can benefit from them. Or people from the foreign countries order the magazines to remain update, although most of the magazines can be viewed online. According to Hamelink   Linnà © 1994, magazines have been much more visually innovative than newspapers. Their covers blaze from newsstands and market racks, thus attracting the readers attention with colour and allure of advertisements besides their articles. Magazines are published according to the information gathered, i.e. weekly, fortnightly etc. These are basically news magazines but they include sections on arts, culture, sports, films, business, politics, industry, and environment. There are about 500 such general interest magazines focusing on news and current affairs, having largest readership. Textbooks, other books, booklets, pamphlets, brochures, folders, periodicals, wall newspapers, publicity and promotional literature also constitute media for mass reading, information and enlightenment, they less extensively used as compared to the newspapers and magazines, are called the best way of effective communication. Books are non-periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages excluding the cover page, published in any country and are made available to public.  These are published as weeklies, fortnightlies, quarterlies, annuals or dailies, so magazines do. There are bimonthlies and half year lies also. Electronic communication has become almost an essential part of peoples lives. The Internet has been the catalyst for electronic communication, and rarely in human history has anything risen to such prominence in such a short period of time (Hirst Harrison, 2007). There are now many ways to communicate electronically, with, no doubt, more variety to come in the near future. Currently, Televisions, radios, internet, mobile technologies, ipads, e-books, e-magazines etc. are versatile ways to communication technology. Over internet, email has had its critics, notably for the brevity of messages and for the rapidity of reply, which often negates clear thought. But all new things will have critics. Writing to someone by conventional email and waiting for a response takes days or weeks. Waiting sometimes just a few minutes for a response by email seemed quite magical in the early days of the internet. Now this is taken for granted. The problem of spam has never been dealt with satisfactorily, but being able to email photographs on the day they were taken to a loved one on the other side of the world makes up for some of the negatives. Mobile technology has made a tremendous change in terms of communication. In current years the phone contains the features of 3G internet facility which is called the fastest internet on mobile, through which the communication and sharing knowledge becomes easier. Facebook, tweeter, internet browsing, Skype, VoIP technologies can be excessed anywhere without any hurdle. Similarly, Ipads and IPods have also made paradigm change in this global world. It facilitates in the same way as smart phones does, although they are bigger in size. Newsgroups and chat rooms began as early types of social media. Newsgroups rely on peoples posting messages to a relevant group, and members of that group can then comment instantaneously. In recent years, newsgroups have, to a large extent, been replaced by slick social-networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace and Twitter. Chat rooms still have a dubious reputation on the net, because though they can be great places for friends spread around the globe to meet up, unwelcome visitors will often use them inappropriately. Standalone video conferencing, used for business, has also now been matched by instant-messaging programs. Social media may be seen by many as even more important than email now. Facebook and MySpace have an email facility and instant messaging, and Twitter has a direct-message and instant reply facility. Instant messaging, which is also available from the likes of Yahoo! and MSN, is becoming increasingly more advanced. Whereas in the early days of Yahoo! Messenger you could save money on a phone call to someone overseas, now you can not only talk but look at a live video image of that person at the same time. It might be concluded from this that the communication technology have a great impact on the print media and electronic media. Newspapers, magazines, broachers, newsletters, pamphlets have made the vigorous change in communication. All these have to face different audiences and are mainly the most important technological tools to communicate and deliver the message. Despite, the electronic media is massively taking place of print media and globalizing this village. Mobile devices, Ipads, Ipods, Television, radios have made the thing accessible within few seconds.

To What Extent is the Proposed Scottish Split from British Rule Benefic

To what extent is the proposed Scottish split from British Rule beneficial for either country? The economical bond between England and Scotland has stood since the Acts of Union in 1707. Years of undivided companionship have convinced the majority of the world that there are no borders separating the U.K countries. This, it seems, has taken its toll on the Scottish Government. As after centuries of companionship they have decided to follow Ireland’s example and propose independence. Whether or not this was a wise move by the Scottish National Party leader, Alex Salmond, is up for debate. The true extent of pros and cons, although they will vary depending on public viewpoints, will be uncovered on the 18th September 2014 at the final vote count. The benefits of the proposed split, on Scotland’s side, are outweighed by the troubles that will be brought by attempting to enter the EU, the Economy and National Debt. If independence is granted, the UK will exit the split with no significant change while Scotland will face immense struggles. The most compelling argument against independence, from an economic view, is the problem of the Euro. There is an abundance of current turmoil in several countries, where leaders are facing similar independence issues to the UK. Several international leaders, facing devolution movements, are openly hostile towards the Scottish Referendum. Those in the EU are particularly dismissive. EU rules state that those who wish to join must adopt the Euro. Britain and Denmark have exclusive permission from Brussels, which is considered to be the de facto capital of the European Union, to use independent currency. The fact that Scottish National Party (current government in power) wishes to keep the pound... ...oil reserves will not only abandon the UK but according to Shell’s statement Scotland will be stranded as well. It’s clear through simply glancing at the facts that if the SNP emerges from this Referendum triumphant, they will be economically stranded in Europe. However this will only occur if the Referendum swings in the SNP’s favour. The reason behind Scotland’s proposed struggle is the economies of the remaining UK countries and Scotland being linked for centuries. Breaking this would leave both participants is considerable distress. But the remaining UK members, due to their combined populations and stronger trade partners, will emerge in a much better position. The true result will only become apparent if the SNP wins the September Referendum. The likelihood of SNP triumph is unclear as of yet, however according to current polls the ‘No’ vote is favoured.

Influences of Extrinsic Motivation Techniques Essay

Introduction Parallon Workforce Management Solutions falls under the Workforce Management umbrella. An organization still in its infancy, and financially supported and entrusted by HCA, a hospital organization mogul in its industry. Currently, the DHP (Dependent Healthcare Professional) Credentialing department has begun to make its presence in the area since mid-2007; today it has gradually increased its employee base and has tremendously more than quadrupled its customer base. Having a centralized corporate office in Sunrise, FL has allowed for many job opportunities in the south Florida area. As the Finance Director, overall responsibilities include, but are not limited to overseeing the financial records of the department, communicating with staff accountants and accounts payable/receivable on a regular basis. Create process flows for financial purposes, create and decipher financial projections for the department. Accurately running and reading financial  reports and statements; and having an overall healthy attitude towards the organization. Organization Overview â€Å"Workforce Management Solutions is an industry leader in healthcare staffing management, enhancing our customers’ quality of care and providing unique technologies to deliver unparalleled efficiencies. Since our inception in 1993, we have been providing staffing resources for Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), one of the nation’s leading providers of healthcare services. Currently, we serve hundreds of hospitals, ambulatory service facilities and outpatient centers nationwide, placing thousands of healthcare professionals each year. We offer every client full-service solutions that include contingent staffing, recruiting and enhanced productivity and scheduling technology. Our full-service, integrated business model encompasses: Per Diem Staffing – These comprehensive contracting services meet every need, from background checks and orientation to scheduling technology and systems training. We have 11 per diem staffing offices nationwide, having logged m ore than 3.3 million hours of work at pre-negotiated, below-market rates. Travel Staffing – Customers benefit from the services of 900+ traveling nurses and allied health professionals while Workforce Management Solutions takes on all the associated administrative and logistical burdens. Integrated Staffing and Scheduling Technology – Our custom-designed, proprietary online facility scheduling system enhances efficiency, saves money, provides for the optimization of schedules and empowers hospital staff members. Our Facility Scheduler allows employees to self-schedule with no hardware to purchase or software to install. Additional software components include volume forecasting. Staff Scheduling Redesign and Consulting – Our highly scalable, customizable technology helps managers create staffing schedules that accurately match rising and falling workloads. We train your team to plan, monitor and control staffing so needs and expectations are met efficiently and cost effectively. Permanent Placement and Recruiting – We are experts at providing professional staff and management-level recruiting solutions to our clients in the areas of nursing, medical imaging, allied health and case management† (â€Å"Parallon workforce management,† 201 1). In addition, Parallon Workforce Management Solution houses a wonderful portfolio under its umbrella of business  initiative: â€Å"Parallon’s full portfolio of unique business solutions includes group purchasing, staffing management, supply chain, project management, revenue cycle and other business processes. Parallon Business Solutions offers a comprehensive solution that no other company can claim. As partners, we work in parallel to deliver customized solutions that ensure your success. As fellow operators, we understand your challenges and continually innovate to respond to the needs of a dynamic marketplace. Business Performance Group est. 2000, offers end-to-end revenue cycle services from patient registration to billing and collections, and everything in between. To meet the needs of our providers we have expanded our capabilities to deliver a wide range of additional processes. We tailor our service to your needs—whether providing a single solution or dedica ting our full resources and scale as your outsourced partner. HealthTrust Purchasing Group, est. 1999, is the only committed model group purchasing organization. The foundation of our success is aligned decision making and compliance across our 1,400+ member partners. The result is a comprehensive portfolio that is consistently 10 percent better than any other purchasing alliance. Supply Chain Solutions has successfully transformed over 170 facilities with its shared services platform, resulting in over $1 billion in documented savings. With more than 10 years of progressive experience, the strength of Parallon is our people, processes and proven results. Because we are supply chain operators like you, we invite you to tour our facilities and see the innovation in action. Workforce Management Solutions, est. 1993, began as a provider to the largest employer of nurses in the country. We offer our services—training and credentialing, optimal high-caliber staffing placement, recruiting alternatives and industry-leading scheduling technology—creating unparalleled value and efficiencies† (â€Å"Parallon workforce management,â €  2011). Preliminary Problem Statement The DHP Credentialing department at PWMS has a poor management structure, unequipped to handle the influx of applicants filtering on a daily basis. Inability to create, and sustain acceptable customer service practices, constant increase workloads and entry level employees with no vision, direction, or view of elevation/ advancement within the organization. All of  these factors and determinants have led to overall employee dissatisfaction, resentments, disloyalty, and unenthusiastic with regards to the organization, department, and job. This paper will attempt to answer the following question: Can employee satisfaction, and productivity increase with the aid of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? The paper will delve deeper into particular philosophies and studies as conducted by Abraham Maslow, who suggest these goals to be obtainable through a hierarchy of human behavior and needs. Literature Review/Synopsis Personal Mastery and Authentic Leadership falseDhiman, Satinder.Organization Development Journal29. 2 (Summer 2011) This paper links personal mastery and authenticity to effective leadership on the premise that our leadership style is an extension of who we are. The findings of humanistic, existential, and positive psychology are explored to suggest a pathway to the art and science of human flourishing. The paper utilizes a synergistic exploratory research design to understand the relationship between personal mastery, authenticity, and leadership within the overarching concept of human flourishing. It builds on the work of Abraham Maslow, Victor Frankl, Peter Senge, Steven Covey, and Michael Ray in illuminating the concept of personal mastery. It also briefly reviews the recent work of positive psychologists such Martin Seligman, Ed Diener, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi to explore the emerging field of human flourishing by creating a conscious link between personal mastery, subjective well-being, and authentic happiness. Based on the findings, humanistic existential and positive psychology thinkers striking similarities are evident when it comes to the essentials of human flourishing. Maslow and Management: Universally Applicable or Idiosyncratic? falseJelavic, Matthew; Ogilvie, Kristie.The Canadian Manager34. 4 (Winter 2009) For scholars and practitioners of psychology, one of the most often-cited theories of human motivation is Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s categorization of these human needs into physiological, safety,  love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization are not often referenced within the context of the management science, where a discrete hard science process of a formula is apparent for the answer in how a manager motivates their workers. Rather, instances cited are tied to context that varies from each situation presented, which also can change over time and culture. Yet recent disciplines, such as Organizational Behavior and Leadership, have begun to take from sociology and psychology the dynamics to understand the person, teams, and organizational effects of these theories. The integration between motivational theories, such as Maslow and differences between cultures, such as Hofstede (1980a, 1980b), bears discussion necessary to be applicable in today’s global environment. The implications of societal culture and needs to the management education field are particularly important. The Influence of Maslow’s Humanistic Views on an Employee’s Motivation to Learn falseWilson, Ian; Madsen, Susan R. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship13. 2 (Apr 2008) Continual employee training and learning is critical to the ability of organizations to adapt to an ever changing national and international business environment. What motivates employees to learn? Abraham Maslow has had a significant impact on motivation theory, humanistic psychology, and subsequently, adult learning in the workplace. This paper discusses the development of Maslow’s humanistic views and traces their impact on past trends in business training as well as the implications for current challenges that managers face in motivating employee learning in the workplace. Press the Escape key to close Analysis Intrinsic motivation relates to people who work more for the love of their job than for the money they receive. People who have a job that they love make a living from something that they find inherently satisfying. People more commonly find intrinsic motivation in careers that involve high levels of skill and creativity, aspects that increase a person’s absorption in their work. Employers provide extrinsic motivation in the form of pay, benefits and other programs designed to appeal to employees. A worker  motivated by extrinsic factors may be there solely for the money and other benefits. This doesn’t mean that people in high-paying jobs lack intrinsic motivation, but that extrinsic motivation in terms of pay and benefits may be enough to keep them working at a job even if they don’t like it. The ideal situation for most employees is to find a job that features high levels of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Before we delve into what Intrinsic and Ext rinsic motivation is, it is thus vital to understand what motivation is and why is it important to motivate employees. Hence so, motivation could be defined as the driving force within individuals that encourages them to go ahead and perform the tasks, in order to achieve their intended needs and expectations. In other words, it is a set of reasons that eventually drags an individual to perform a particular task convincing that they could fulfill their needs and expectations, once the task is performed. Motivating employees is not an easy task, due to the fact that what motivates employees seems to change overtime. To say, different employees are motivated in different ways according to their needs. For example, one employee will be motivated to do his task by way of responsibility, while on the other hand another employee will be motivated by monetary rewards. However, it is possible to motivate an employee only if they want to be motivated. As a result, it is thus vital to identify the reason and create the atmosphere that encourages the non-performing employees to refresh and motivate themselves. In other words, it is thus important to try and find out what really motivates the employee. Trying to motivate an employee by wrong means could thus lead to a waste of money, time and so on, while paving way to de-motivate the employee more. Having said that, highly motivated employees are considered to be true assets for any organization; once motivated, they basically tend to be more productive, energetic, and very mush eager to take on additional responsibilities, and thus pleasant to be with and work with. However, on the other hand it should be said that there also tends to be non performing employees as well almost in every organization. Therefore, in such circumstances they basically have to look for deal with the obstacles by going and identifying the unmotivated employees and turning them around if the organizations are to be successful. In spite of that; when it comes to motivating employees this could be done intrinsically or extrinsically by using either intrinsic or extrinsic  rewards. When it comes to intrinsic motivation, this basically means that employees are motivated to do a particular task because of the pleasure or satisfaction that they get in performing the task itself. In other words, intrinsic motivation comes from within an individual rather than from extrinsic rewards such as monetary incentives etc. An employee who tends to be intrinsically motivated could be motivated by internal factors such as recognition, responsibility, growth and advancement. If an employee is to be motivated by intrinsic rewards, then this means that what the employee really wants is a job that interests him, a challenging work environment, and the responsibility to perform the task etc. in order to motivate him. For example, an intrinsically motivated person will perform a task given to him willingly, either because he might find the task challenging or else interesting and satisfied with completing it. To say, and not with the intention of getting other rewards. This is due to the fact the external rewards hardly motivate these employees. As a result, intrinsic motivation tends to be very much effective in the long run as the employees perform the tasks willingly becau se it interests them, rather than trying to escape from it once the job is done. Extrinsic motivation on the other hand is when the employees are thus motivated by means of external rewards. External rewards basically consist of monetary incentives and grades etc. The employees are involved in performing a particular task is because of the external rewards that gives them satisfaction and pleasure, and not because they are interested in it. In other means, extrinsic motivation drives an employee to do things especially for tangible rewards or pressure, rather than for the fun of it. Extrinsic motivators can be either positive or negative. To say, it is thus possible to use positive motivators such as monetary rewards or negative such as threats or bribery to motivate them extrinsically. Extrinsic motivators basically focus the employees on rewards rather than actions. For example, employees will perform tasks though they are not quite interested in it, thus because of the rewards involved with it. To say, some people will not want to do the work willingly, but ra ther they are motivated to do so by external rewards. However in reality, extrinsic rewards do motivate employee’s only short term. This is because the extrinsically motivated employees will do their work only as long as they receive their rewards and thereafter will stop performing the tasks, once the rewards are  no longer there. Having looked at both the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, it could be said that intrinsic motivation is far stronger than extrinsic motivation when it comes to motivate employees in the long run. This is because the intrinsically motivated employees will continue to perform better day after day as long they find the work interesting and satisfied. It doesn’t mean that extrinsic motivation should not be used, but this is not the ideal way to long motivate the employees. To say, extrinsically motivated employees will only find what they do to interesting as long as they receive the rewards which can either be positive or negative. And hence in order to motivate them to increase performance, then they will have to be given more rewards than before. If not, they will only be de-motivated. Not only that, but once the employees are given extrinsic rewards they will no longer be intrinsically motivated, but rather depend on rewards to keep them motivated thereafter. That is why it is vital to try and motivate employees intrinsically by trying to explain how it will help them to develop and encouraging them by offering more challenging work, giving responsibility and recognition for the work done etc. This will in turn lead to enhance performance by motivating them to meet the long term success. Through exploration of motivational characteristics, it is shown that people are either intrinsically or extrinsically motivated. Upon further research, two theories explain how intrinsic motivation can be increased or decreased by extrinsic, or external, motivation techniques. In Theory I, external motivators (incentives, praise, rewards, or punishment) increase intrinsic motivation. In Theory II, extrinsic motivators decrease intrinsic motivation. The latter of this paper will determine what impact extrinsic motivation techniques have on intrinsic motivation. It will then identify the most effective and least effective extrinsic motivation techniques, and explain how intrinsic motivation can be affected by this. Finally, the importance of this exploration will be explained by three research studies. Definitions Intrinsic motivation inspires individuals to participate in an activity because of the internal enjoyment that activity brings. People who are  intrinsically motivated have a need for achievement and aspire to be self-determined and competent, without any perceived external motivator (Akin-Little, Eckert, Lovett, & Little, 2004). Extrinsic motivation encourages individuals, who do not necessarily enjoy an activity, to perform well in order to receive some kind of reward or to avoid negative consequences (Aamodt, 2007). Autonomy, or self-determination, is experienced when an individual feels they have a choice in performing the activity and feels personally responsible for the outcome (Cameron, Pierce, Banko, & Gear, 2005; Aamodt, 2007). Theory I – External Motivators Increase Intrinsic Motivation There has been a great deal of controversy concerning the impact external motivation techniques have on intrinsic motivation. External motivation techniques have been proven to significantly increase extrinsic motivation, which results in increased efficiency and performance for organizations (Aamodt, 2007). More research is needed to prove that external incentives primarily decrease intrinsic motivation. Proponents of Theory I declare that rewarding individuals for meeting absolute or normative standards, or for exceeding a criterion, greatly increases intrinsic motivation (Cameron, Pierce, Banko, & Gear, 2005). Along with this theory, quality-dependent rewards (verbal praise or tangible rewards) increase intrinsic motivation because they meet an individual’s needs, wants, and desires (Akin-Little, Eckert, Lovett, & Little, 2004). Although quality-dependent rewards have a positive effect on intrinsic motivati on in this theory, achievement-based rewards (rewards that individuals receive for achieving or mastering a challenging criterion) also increases intrinsic motivation. Achievement-based rewards are broken down into two categories: controlling and informational. The controlling aspect of a reward will be discussed in the next section on how external motivators decrease intrinsic motivation. Basing achievement rewards for informational purposes, such as feedback, boosts an individual’s perception of competence and ability (Cameron, Pierce, Banko, & Gear, 2005). Feedback provides individuals with the results of their efforts thereby increasing intrinsic motivation (Aamodt, 2007). This makes a person feel good about what they have accomplished and inspires them to continue achieving the goal. Even though reward for achieving goals increases  motivation, goal theorists distinguish between two causes for that motivation: present value (engaging in an activity that has present value or enjoyment) and future value (engaging in an activity that will be valued or enjoyed in the future). In other words, being rewarded for achieving a goal increases intrinsic motivation if the individual was performing the activity for its immediate effects. Alternatively, if the individual is motivated to perform the activity with only future benefits in mind, the motivator is external and will not increase intrinsic motivation (Simons, Dewitte, & Lens, 2004). Theory II – External Motivators Decreases Intrinsic Motivation On one hand, quality-dependent, achievement-based, and goal-based external rewards affirm responsibility for increasing intrinsic motivation. On the other hand, research indicates that these external motivators are detrimental to an individual’s intrinsic motivation. Proponents of Theory II agree that external rewards or incentives substantially increase extrinsic motivation, but unlike Theory I advocates, they do not concur that external rewards increase an individual’s intrinsic motivation. Theory II promoters contend that all extrinsic rewards including informational (verbal rewards), controlling (tangible rewards), and contingent (engagement-based or performance-based) are destructive to intrinsic motivation (Xiang, Chen, & Bruene, 2005). University of Chicago’s professor of behavioral sciences, Uri Gneezy, made an interesting statement that summarized this viewpoint. He said, â€Å"Extrinsic motivation might change the perception of the activity and destroy the intrinsic motivation to perform it when no apparent reward apart from the activity itself is expected† (Rothman & Rothman, 2006). In compliance with Gneezy’s idea that external motivation techniques decrease enjoyment in an activity; task-contingent incentives (rewards to encourage participation in an activity, solving a problem, or completing a task) are also found to decrease self-determination. This decline in autonomy, along with the perception that the motivator is controlling; account for extensive decreases in intrinsic motivation. Use of certain incentives such as money or acknowledgement; are not what some individuals need, want, or desire. When these people receive rewards, it discourages their intrinsic motivation (Akin-Little, Eckert, Lovett, & Little,  2004). In addition to the negative effects that task-contingent rewards have on intrinsic motivation, the controlling aspect of achievement-based rewards (awarding those who meet performance standards) results in a similar outcome. External rewards for performing an activity or meeting a standard are viewed as controlling, according to intrinsically motivated people. This external motivation approach is perceived as more of a restraint on self-determination, or independence, than a reward for achieving the goal. Achievement-based rewards can also pressure an individual to perform up to an expected standard. All of these feelings contribute to a decrease in intrinsic motivation (Cameron, Pierce, Banko, & Gear, 2005). Studies In order to distinguish between the two theories on how external motivation techniques affect intrinsic motivation, a variety of controversial journal articles on the topic were examined. Analyzing a few of these studies will reveal why it is imperative to know and understand how external motivators can negatively or positively influence intrinsic motivation. In a study located in the 2006 American Journal of Transplantation, activists for establishing a market for organs have suggested that financial incentives would encourage more people to donate their organs. Challengers of this concept proposed that financial incentives would result in a decline in organ donors, and that the extrinsic incentives would devalue the moral and unselfish obligations of intrinsically motivated individuals (S.M. Rothman and D.J. Rothman, p. 2). An article written by Nancy Folbre, sited in the 2006 Politics and Society Journal, uncovered the controversial issue of low-paid care givers and social service workers. Folbre found that external incentives would increase intrinsic motivation in care givers and social service workers. She also affirmed that the levels of intrinsic motivation and moral commitment in care givers and social service workers outweigh the supply of effort that a better wage would bring in. Her thoughts about the pay scale and treatment for care givers and social service workers were summarized by â€Å"they are being taken for granted,† and that â€Å"strong intrinsic motivation can ‘burn-out’ workers.† Opponents to Folbre’s opinion, such as Anthony Heyes in his article, â€Å"Why is a Badly Paid Nurse a Good Nurse?† wrote that a â€Å"good† nurse was willing to accept a lower wage. Heyes also challenged that raising nurses’ salaries would result in reduced intrinsic  motivation and decreased service quality. According to Folbre’s adversaries, â€Å"low pay helps screen out workers who lack the requisite motivation† (Folbre, 7 & 12). A study found in the 2004 School Psychology Review researched the effects of using extrinsic motivation techniques to maintain appropriate academic output and behavior in schools. Some researchers believed that instructors attempted to â€Å"bribe† students with external motivators to encourage them to perform and act a certain way in school. These theorists felt that bribing intrinsically motivated students, who do their best for their own fulfillment, decreased the students’ intrinsic motivation. In contrast, this study revealed that external motivation was not detrimental to students’ intrinsic motivation. In fact, the use of praise and rewards for doing well increased the students’ self-determination and encouraged them to continue to perform well. The only way tangible rewards have decreased intrinsic motivation, according to this article, was when they were not delivered immediately after a student’s behavior (Akin-Little, Eckert, Lovett, & Li ttle, 346 & 359). Summary/Conclusion To summarize this research, external motivation techniques have been found to both increase and decrease intrinsic motivation. To keep a healthy balance in an organization, the motivation techniques considered must be carefully selected so that extrinsically motivated individuals, as well as those who are intrinsically motivated, can be satisfied. From these articles, the most effective external motivators include quality-dependent rewards, informational achievement-based rewards, and goal-based rewards. External motivation techniques to avoid include task-contingent incentives and controlling achievement-based rewards. In conclusion, by examining the above referenced journal articles to find the effects extrinsic motivators have on intrinsic motivation, this research revealed that there are approximately the same number of theorists on both sides of the spectrum. There are just as many researchers who suggest external motivation techniques negatively affect intrinsic motivation as there are who imply external incentives positively affect intrinsic motivation. 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